{"id":39085,"date":"2026-08-13T09:08:06","date_gmt":"2026-08-13T13:08:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/articles\/\/"},"modified":"2026-07-31T08:46:36","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T12:46:36","slug":"what-is-linux-eight-ways-it-changed-our-lives-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/blog\/2026\/08\/13\/what-is-linux-eight-ways-it-changed-our-lives-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Linux? Eight Ways It Changed Our Lives, Part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A startling title appeared in the prestigious Yale Law Journal in 2002. At that time, academics, governments, and companies were exploring an exciting and potentially liberating idea: to take input about policies and products not just from duly credentialed experts, but from the general public. Pushing forward that narrative, Harvard Law Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/hls.harvard.edu\/faculty\/directory\/10071\/Benkler\">Yochai Benkler<\/a> published a Yale Law Journal paper with the title \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/yalelawjournal.org\/pdf\/354_t5aih5i1.pdf\">Coase\u2019s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>How did Linux make it into a leading law professor\u2019s research? Why did Benkler feature Linux as a data point in \u201ca much broader social-economic phenomenon\u201d that could overturn centuries of corporate and government behavior?<\/p>\n<p>Benkler was not alone in elevating Linux to a principle and an exemplar. This series (an update from my original 2021 article) explores the many meanings that Linux has had since its emergence in the early 1990s. I explain how Linux altered history by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Providing a foundation for an entirely free computer system<\/li>\n<li>Proving to observers in all fields the viability of free and open source software<\/li>\n<li>Triggering a move of companies toward open standards and open source implementations of core parts of their software<\/li>\n<li>Bringing modern software within the reach of millions more people<\/li>\n<li>Restructuring the computer industry through virtualization, containers, and the cloud<\/li>\n<li>Sparking interest in the newly recognized phenomenon of crowdsourcing<\/li>\n<li>Furnishing a large data source for research<\/li>\n<li>Accelerating development and adoption of new, low-cost hardware platforms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This segment of the series covers the first two points in the list.<\/p>\n<h2>Foundation for a Free Operating System<\/h2>\n<p>People have released free software since the beginning of computing, but few have comprehensively assessed user needs and addressed their wide range. Most free software developers were happy to contribute a library or tool that ran along with some vendor\u2019s computer system. The early free software project with the grandest vision was Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), which started as a set of tweaks to Bell Labs\u2019 non-free Unix and evolved into an independent project with a broad mission. Although variants of BSD played important roles in many computing companies, it was a niche phenomenon compared to Microsoft and later Apple.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/\">GNU project<\/a> was even more of a niche affair. This one also had a big scope: a band of developers methodically turned out one tool after another to recreate Unix from the ground up. Although the tools were all important for developers\u2014particularly the impressive compiler and C\/C++ libraries\u2014few held any interest for the average computer user. End-user projects such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnucash.org\/\">GNUCash accounting software<\/a> were rare and difficult to use. The central selling point for the GNU tools was the GNU license, which guaranteed their freedom for all to use and share.<\/p>\n<p>Whether because of their license, their quality, or their widespread use by C programmers, it was the GNU tools that Linus Torvalds used to create Linux. And as the importance of Linux grew, so did GNU. The development of GNU and Linux cannot be disentangled; that is why I agree with GNU proponents that full distributions of the operating system should be called GNU\/Linux. (But I use the term Linux loosely throughout this series for convenience.)<\/p>\n<p>What did a fully free software stack mean for the general public? It created an explosion of experimentation, especially in the areas of embedded systems, small Internet service providers and other Internet services, and cheap computers for underserved populations around the world. The free stack did even more for corporate data centers. We\u2019ll examine all these phenomena in later sections.<\/p>\n<p>People running a completely free GNU\/Linux stack would still need a proprietary computer and proprietary firmware. But eventually, both of these gaps were addressed as well. A growing open hardware movement, covered in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/blog\/2021\/06\/22\/open-hardware-suitable-more-and-more-computing-projects\">another article<\/a>, allows the distribution and customization of open designs. Many free firmware projects also exist.<\/p>\n<h2>Proving the Viability of Free and Open Source Software<\/h2>\n<p>Until the 1990s there was no debate among businesspeople: to bring an idea to life in software, you needed to form a company and hire a team of experts to code up the product. The waterfall model, where a team moved ponderously from requirements through development and testing to production, was almost universal. Until the dot-com boom (a bubble in the late 1990s created by irrational exuberance among investors), a software project couldn\u2019t get off the ground until the accountants and marketing staff had figured out how to make a profit from it.<\/p>\n<p>Free software seemed to be taking place in a parallel universe. No one with money and institutional clout took it seriously.<\/p>\n<p>Yes, Microsoft and AT&amp;T and other companies shoved BSD innovations into their own proprietary software. And in the mid-1980s, the GNU C\/C++ compiler jolted developers by outperforming all the commercial compilers. These isolated phenomena were hints that something powerful was going on with free software\u2014but they were technically obscure enough to be ignored by policy-makers.<\/p>\n<p>It was finally Linux that blew apart the complacency at the CxO level. Companies came to appreciate the perennial benefits of free software. After these companies get used to depending on free software and find it robust and reliable, they are more ready to open their own software. By then, they may be employing many developers who understand and love free software, and who urge the companies to contribute to it. I\u2019ll tell more of this story in the next segment of the series.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A startling title appeared in the prestigious Yale Law Journal in 2002. At that time, academics, governments, and companies were exploring an exciting and potentially liberating idea: to take input about policies and products not just from duly credentialed experts, &#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/blog\/2026\/08\/13\/what-is-linux-eight-ways-it-changed-our-lives-part-1\/\" class=\"button-link\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":39086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"country":[],"language":[304],"ppma_author":[495],"class_list":["post-39085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-none","language-english"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Linux? 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His editorial projects at O'Reilly Media ranged from a legal guide covering intellectual property to a graphic novel about teenage hackers. Andy also writes often on health IT, on policy issues related to the Internet, and on trends affecting technical innovation and its effects on society. Print publications where his work has appeared include The Economist, Communications of the ACM, Copyright World, the Journal of Information Technology &amp; Politics, Vanguardia Dossier, and Internet Law and Business. Conferences where he has presented talks include O'Reilly's Open Source Convention, FISL (Brazil), FOSDEM (Brussels), DebConf, and LibrePlanet. Andy participates in the Association for Computing Machinery's policy organization, USTPC."}]}},"views":0,"authors":[{"term_id":495,"user_id":44,"is_guest":0,"slug":"aoramexample-com","display_name":"Andrew Oram","avatar_url":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cropped-andy-oram-bio-96x96.jpg","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"Andy is a writer and editor in the computer field. His editorial projects at O'Reilly Media ranged from a legal guide covering intellectual property to a graphic novel about teenage hackers. Andy also writes often on health IT, on policy issues related to the Internet, and on trends affecting technical innovation and its effects on society. Print publications where his work has appeared include The Economist, Communications of the ACM, Copyright World, the Journal of Information Technology &amp; Politics, Vanguardia Dossier, and Internet Law and Business. Conferences where he has presented talks include O'Reilly's Open Source Convention, FISL (Brazil), FOSDEM (Brussels), DebConf, and LibrePlanet. Andy participates in the Association for Computing Machinery's policy organization, USTPC."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39085","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39085"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39085\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39109,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39085\/revisions\/39109"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39085"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=39085"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=39085"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=39085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}