This document is meant to provide a higher level overview into what has changed with the objective update for LPIC-1 from version 3.x to 4.0.

2.1 systemd

The use of systemd to manage the boot process, boot targets and the journal subsystem has been added.

2.2 login managers

The content has been downgraded for xdm, kdm and gdm to awareness level and the LightDM manager has been added as a basic login manager.

2.3 New commands

The following commands have been added to the objectives:

• systemctl
• wall
• grub-mkconfig
• xz
• pgrep
• pkill
• screen
• gdisk
• getent
• source
• ntpq
• logrotate
• ip
• netcat, ping6, traceroute6, tracepath6
• fuser
• who, w, last

2.4 Awareness of newer technologies

The following technologies have been added at the awareness level:

• Btrfs
• rsyslog
• syslog-ng

Topic 101: System Architecture

Objective: 101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings

Coverage of hald has been dropped.

Objective: 101.2 Boot the system

systemd boot targets coverage has been added. Upstart is included at the awareness level. SysVinit is still covered.

Objective: 101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system

Managing and changing systemd boot targets has been added. systemctl and wall commands have been added.

Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management

Objective: 102.1 Design hard disk layout

The /boot directory has been added.

Objective: 102.2 Install a boot manager

The grub-mkconfig command has been added.

Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands

Objective: 103.1 Work on the command line

The . and exec commands have been removed.

Objective: 103.2 Process text streams using filters

The less command has been added explicitly (it was always covered).

Objective: 103.3 Perform basic file management

The xz command has been added.

Objective: 103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes

The pgrep, pkill and screen commands have been added.

Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

Objective: 104.1 Create partitions and filesystems

Awareness of ReiserFS has been dropped to the awareness level. Awareness Btrfs has been added. Basic knowledge of gdisk and parted with GPT has been added. The gdisk commands have been added.

Objective: 104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links

The ls command for managing links has been added explicitly.

Topic 105: Shells, Scripting and Data Management

Objective: 105.1 Customize and use the shell environment

The . and source commands have been added. The /etc/bash.bashrc has been added.

Objective: 105.2 Customize or write simple scripts

The exec command has been added.

Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops

Objective: 106.2 Setup a display manager

The weight of this objective has been reduced from 2 to 1. All of gdm, kdm and xdm have been dropped to the awareness level. Basic configuration of LightDM has been added.

Topic 107: Administrative Tasks

Objective: 107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files

The getent command has been added.

Objective: 107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs

Configuration of anacron has been added explicitly.

Topic 108: Essential System Services

Objective: 108.1 Maintain system time

Awareness of the ntpq command has been added.

Objective: 108.2 System logging

The weight of this objective has been increased from 2 to 3. Configuration of logrotate has been added. Awareness of rsyslog and syslog-ng has been added. Use of the systemd journal subsystem and the journalctl command has been added.

Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals

Objective: 109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols

CIDR notation has been added explicitly.

Objective: 109.2 Basic network configuration

The ip command has been added.

Objective: 109.3 Basic network troubleshooting

The ip command has been added. The netcat, ping6, traceroute6 and tracepath6 commands have been added.

Objective: 109.4 Configure client side DNS

The host, dig and getent commands have been added.

Topic 110: Security

Objective: 110.1 Perform security administration tasks

The fuser command has been added. The who, w and last commands have been added.